While many physicians are ardent advocates of psychopharmacology, using medication exclusively for treating patients with mental illnesses such as depression (Glenmullen 190), drugs cannot cure psychological disorders ("Prozac"). Symptoms associated with depression like overwhelming feelings of guilt, worthlessness, despair, and loneliness, problems with sleeping, eating, and concentrating, and an ongoing low mood without an apparent cause that makes normal day-to-day functioning difficult can only be controlled by medication (Moe 54, 56-57; "Prozac"). Psychosocial treatments such as alternative therapies and complimentary medicine, treatments that do not involve medication (Moe 39), manage symptoms as well as resolve underlying psychological issues.

Most commonly prescribed to depression sufferers and most commonly over prescribed to patients who would better benefit from alternative treatments are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft, drugs whose side effects can be worse than the problems they are masking. Instead of discovering and dealing with the cause of the depression, psychopharmacology induces a "pseudo-happiness" on the mentally ill. However, alone or in a combination, alternative treatments like massage, music, light, and talking therapy are fully effective in treating depression.

Relaxation techniques, which have no known adverse effects, teach stress management and voluntary relaxation for an extremely effective treatment of affective disorders such as depression (Glenmullen 277; "Relaxation"). Based on the idea that the soma affects the psyche and the mind affects the body, methods that relax the physical state sequentially also relax the mental state of a person. Stress reduction enhances energy levels, which in turn causes a person to feel better and partake in more activities as opposed to the listless nature associated with depression (Collinge 271). By reducing both physical and mental stress, relaxation techniques are most successful when combined with other forms of therapy that help identify underlying psychological issues ("Relaxation"; Woodham and Peters 170).

Massage therapy is a relaxation technique that assuages depression, reduces anxiety, and relieves physical ailments through gentle rubbing of the body, usually the back, by a trained massage therapist ("Massage"; Woodham and Peters 57; Collinge 43, 268). Since close physical contact with their mothers assists babies in thriving, the close human contact improves the well being of the receiver of a massage, which is why this simple form of medical care has been practiced since ancient times for centuries (Woodham and Peters 56). Even merely giving a massage to someone else produces positive effects; however, due to the physical trauma sustained, massage therapy is not recommended for the sexually abused ("Massage").

Resembling the traditional Chinese treatment of acupuncture where needles are inserted at particular points on the body and manipulated, acupressure, an oriental method of massage therapy, is a variation of acupuncture that uses the application of finger pressure rather than needles insertion at similar geographical locations ("Acupuncture"; Collinge 31, 201). The traditional basis of acupuncture is that energy flows through the body as a life force known as "chi" or "shen" ("Acupuncture"; Collinge 15, 53). "Chi" flows through and enlivens the body. Good "chi" flow produces good health whereas an imbalance or blockage of energy causes problems ("Acupuncture"; Collinge 16). As aforementioned, physical disturbances create emotional and mental disturbances like depression (Collinge 53). Inserting needles helps restore blood flow, and in effect, energy flow ("Acupuncture"). Massage stimulates specific points and influences a positive flow of "chi" (Collinge 32).

The modern basis of acupuncture is that the brain chemicals like serotonin in short supply during depression are released when needles are inserted into the body ("Acupuncture"). Relating to the oriental concept of "chi" is that the movement of lymphatic fluid rids the body of toxins, wastes, and pathogens (Collinge 270). Activating both the nervous and blood systems, acupuncture resembles manual lymph drainage massage, a massage method that uses gentle rhythmic strokes to improve lymph flow (Collinge 276). Tension impairs blood flow creating an inadequate removal of toxins and insufficient circulation of positive neurotransmitters (Collinge 268). Massage therapy aids in lowering the amount of circulating stress hormones such as cortisol and norepinephrine and releases endorphins, natural painkillers produced by the body, creating a sense of comfort and relaxation (Woodham and Peters 56; Gach 5; "Massage").

Another oriental method of massage, shiatsu, which was developed in Japan by Tokujiro Namikoshi, is also a juxtaposition of massage and acupuncture that accents relaxing severely tense or exhausted muscles to improve blood flow (Bricklin 464). Polarity therapy, a non-oriental energetic method, balances the flow of energy throughout the body to release emotional stress using delicate touch or held pressure on specific points as well (Collinge 282-283).

Based on soft tissue manipulation, four basic techniques were developed for traditional European massage, the western equivalent of oriental massage. Effleurage or stroking is a gentle rubbing action in long flowing or gliding strokes usually toward the heart tracing the outer contours of the body that aids in circulation and relaxes tense muscles. Through lifting, rolling, and kneading, petrissage stretches and relaxes tissue especially long muscles like the thighs. Deep, direct pressure in circular motions, frottage or friction, is typically administered to the spine and shoulders to release tension. Involving a brisk percussive tapping action, tapotement or hacking is performed on the fleshy, muscular areas of the body such as the back (Collinge 272; Woodham and Peters 57).

Swedish massage, the most prevalent form of traditional European massage and much like acupressure, emphasizes stimulating blood circulation through the soft tissues of the body. Using a system of effleurage, petrissage, and frottage techniques and sometimes incorporating oils into the massage, Swedish massage focuses on the more superficial layers of muscles. Occasionally concentrating on specific parts of the body, Swedish massage is usually a full body massage (Collinge 273).

Using more modern Western concepts of human anatomy and physiology, contemporary western massage focuses on emotional release and mind-body-spirit balance for personal growth as well as the traditional application of massage. Esalen and Swedish/Esalen, also similar to oriental theories of massage, concentrate on relaxation, tension release, and circulation increase of both the psyche and soma through slow, soothing strokes. Most often used in pain control, neuromuscular massage involves a meticulous application of finger pressure to individual muscles to enhance blood flow and alleviate intense muscles tension. Deep tissue massage, usually applied for pain control, uses frottage and effleurage with the fingers, thumbs, and elbows although at deeper layers and with amplified pressure than other forms of massage (Collinge 273-274).

Rosen method massage is a form of structural/functional/movement integration massage developed by Marion Rosen. Built on the conception of unexpressed, repressed, or suppressed emotions leading to physical tension, Rosen method massage applies gentle, noninvasive contact with verbal exchange between the patient and therapist allowing the relationship between bodily stress and hidden feelings to be exposed to the patient (Collinge 276-278). Similar to Rosen method massage is Trager massage, which emphasizes movement of the torso and limbs for deeper relaxation and release of physical and mental stress (Collinge 278). Negative unconscious thought patterns result in sluggish movement and posture, which is the basis of the Alexander massage technique. A "psychophysical reeducation," the Alexander technique uncovers and changes unhealthy thought patterns through alteration of patterns of movement to ease physical tension (Collinge 280).

As with all relaxation techniques, the emphasis on concentration of deep breathing during the massage also helps ease anxiety for a relaxed state (Gach 35; Woodham and Peters 170). Physical relaxation releases unconscious tension, which may help underlying emotional problems surface (Collinge 53). Whatever the basis for the procedure, massage therapy, like acupuncture, acts in a similar but more natural manner as medication for the effective treatment of depression ("Acupuncture").

While sometimes expensive, massage therapy is more cost-effective because less is spent on hospital time, testing, and medication (Moe 92; Collinge 41). The first session is generally the longest and most costly ranging from fifty to five hundred dollars depending on location; rates are commonly higher in urban areas, but follow up visits are less expensive. Although some do, most insurance companies do not cover massage therapy yet this trend in beginning to change (Collinge 47, 298).

Qualities of change, as in the same patterns of change, are more important than the amount of change with massage therapy (Collinge 46). Process is monitored based on personal assessment of symptom relief by the patient, observations including pulse diagnosis that can indicate a decrease in stress by the therapist, and objective testing like blood tests (Collinge 45). Emulating the strong beliefs of the treatment of early physicians, modern American doctors are starting to further explore possibilities of massage therapy in relieving depression (Wolff 79).

Like massage therapy, music therapy acts as a positive stimulus for relaxation, stress reduction, and improved mood (Hendricks, Robinson, Bradley, and Davis 1-2). Influencing the emotion control area of the brain known as the limbic system, music produces emotional change ("Music"). Physically, music affects the nervous system, prompting the body to release endorphins, which aid in relaxation (Elkins; Woodham and Peters 181). High blood pressure, a symptom of tension, is reduced by music (Elkins; Bricklin 328). As aforementioned, when physical stress is relieved as is mental and emotional stress.

Not only does music therapy help alleviate tension, but the treatment also presents a way to nonverbally deal with underlying problems and emotions (Woodham and Peters 181). Shown to arouse emotions, music provides a secure and acceptable means of communication for difficult and suppressed feelings (Woodham and Peters 181; Bricklin 330). Depression creates a feeling of isolation from the rest of the world (Elkins). While music therapy offers a nonverbal method of expression for negative debilitating emotions, enabling depression sufferers to feel more open, talkative, and even more outgoing, lyrics are more significant than the actual melodies and harmonies (Elkins; Hendricks, Robinson, Bradley, and David 2). Lyrics allow depression sufferers a sense of relating to another person undergoing similar experiences and an expression of feelings. However, greatly influencing mood is the chosen type of music. Rap, heavy metal, and sorrowful songs are more prone to increase negative emotions whereas uplifting pop, rock, jazz, and classical compositions are more likely to enhance positive emotions (Hendricks, Robinson, Bradley, and David 1; Elkins).

Significant decreases in depression symptoms can be attributed to music due to the various music therapy techniques. Energetic music is merged with gentle exercise to reduce inactivity while fast, rhythmic music is used to enhance energy. To induce sleep and relieve insomnia, slow, repetitive music is listened to at home before bedtime. Progressive muscle relaxation, tensing and loosening muscles one by one for physical and mental relaxation is juxtaposed with tracks of music and instructions from a therapist for relaxation. Used in conjunction with drawing and other art forms for further emotional expression, group music therapy allows for the discussion of positive experiences and memories to a particular song (Moe 91; Hendricks, Robinson, Bradley, and David 1-3).

Although one-on-one sessions are available, group therapy is most beneficial since feelings of loneliness and worthlessness are alleviated when depression sufferers are able to relate to similar people (Woodham and Peters 181). Because their lives are heavily centered around music, adolescents are significantly helped with music therapy, but listening to music, playing an instrument, and singing songs all have enlivening effects on the body, mind, and depression for those suffering from the affective disorder (Hendricks, Robinson, Bradley, and Davis 1; Moe 82; "Music"). Music therapy was exercised during ancient times, but strong use began in the 1940s. With no known disadvantages, music therapy acts in a comparable natural and non-pharmaceutical manner as massage therapy, especially when combined with light therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and counseling (Hendricks, Robinson, Bradley, and Davis 2; Moe 82; "Music").

Based on the premise of the benefits of natural sunlight, light therapy, also referred to as phototherapy, relieves depression by balancing certain neurotransmitters and hormones in the body much like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) that block the reabsorption and boost levels of neurotransmitters (Woodham and Peters 188; Wolff 86; Glenmullen 95). A lack of serotonin, the oldest "feel good" neurotransmitter produced by the body may cause depression, particularly seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and winter depression (Glenmullen 16; Wolff 86; Gutfeld 1). During the winter months when hours of sunlight are decreased and important full-spectrum lighting is unavailable, the natural circadian rhythm of the body is upset (Wolff 86; Walker and Brown 164). When this rhythm is thrown off, so is mood (Gutfeld 1).

Normally, light enters through the eyes and stimulates nerve impulses to the hypothalamus, the brain structure responsible for mood as well as appetite, sleep, temperature, and sex drive (Woodham and Peters 188). Reduced hypothalamus stimulation consecutively reduces serotonin production and creates a chemical imbalance in the brain. Seasonal depression occurs often as a result of this serotonin deficiency, and thus, light therapy, which consists of being exposed to bright light for up to two hours, usually in the morning, boosts serotonin and energy levels ("Light"; Wolff 87; Woodham and Peters 188).

Light therapy also alleviates the depression associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Similar to natural light affecting serotonin, reproductive hormones like estrogen also disrupt the natural circadian rhythm of the body. Light restores this rhythm by balancing melatonin levels, the sleep hormone which, if a deficiency occurs, may induce drowsiness or depression (Munson and Yeykal 1; Gutfeld 2). With no known disadvantages, light therapy is particularly effective in the treatment of seasonal depression but may relieve other types of depression as well ("Light"; Gutfeld 3).

While treatment of affective disorders with alternative therapies such as massage, music, and light therapy is highly successful, underlying psychological issues are further and better resolved when intermixed with talking therapies. Depression sufferers should become aware of and attempt to change their negative thought patterns. By paying attention to warning signs, depressed individuals can avoid known triggers as much as possible and develop a crisis plan (Moe 78, 80, 93).

During the 1880s through the 1903s in Vienna, Austria, psychologist Sigmund Freud introduced the idea of the unconscious mind and the complimentary therapy of psychotherapy (Woodham and Peters 160). Based on the theory that hidden in the unconscious are the motives behind disturbed thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, psychotherapy addresses fundamental psychological problems by allowing patients to talk openly and freely (Woodham and Peters 160; Glenmullen 234, 237). Psychotherapy provides both insight and emotional growth and awareness of unconscious emotions and behavior patterns while applying the belief that the brain can adjust its own functioning and patterns without the use of medication (Glenmullen 234, 237; Kalb 68). During fifty to sixty minute sessions at least once a week, clients usually initiate the dialogue, deciding what is discussed, which consequently offers an additional sense of overcoming difficulties by the patient (Woodham and Peters 160-161; Glenmullen 237).

Psychoanalysis, a form of psychotherapy established from the work of Freud, is further based on the principle that repressed feelings from early childhood experiences affect thoughts, feelings, personality, and behavior. Underlying feelings are identified, usually through free association, allowing clients to discuss whatever thoughts come to mind, while lying on a couch or sitting in a chair in a comfortable, relaxed position. Analyzing resistance, topics patients attempt to avoid, dreams, and transference, displaying intense emotions toward the therapist that were present during previous significant relationships, are also techniques employed with psychoanalysis. Although therapists using psychoanalysis help patients discover the cause of their depression, the physicians do not take an excessively active role in the treatment, which typically takes years (Wolff 56-57; Wood and Wood 577).

Similar to psychoanalysis, psychodynamic psychotherapy works with the unconscious mind, stressing development and change (Woodham and Peters 162). However, with psychodynamic psychotherapy, patients form a close relationship, which helps both patient and therapist better understand the origin of the problem, with their therapist ("Psychodynamic"). Two types of psychodynamic psychotherapy have been developed: brief dynamic therapy and interpersonal therapy (Wolff 61).

Brief dynamic therapy, like psychoanalysis, focuses on past experiences that produce distressing thoughts, feelings, and actions although the therapist takes an active role in the therapy, making suggestions instead of merely listening (Wolff 61). Like brief dynamic therapy and similar to group therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy concentrates on improving relationships for problem solving with the help of others. Although not widely available and usually expensive, interpersonal therapy was specifically designed to treat depression, specifically the four main problems related to major depression: extreme reactions to the death of a loved on, conflicts among social roles, tribulations adjusting to changes in roles, and discrepancies with interpersonal skills such as forming friendships (Wolff 61; "Interpersonal"; Wood and Wood 580). However, though effective with depression, especially teen depression, problems with others within the group may lead to greater bouts of depression ("Interpersonal"; Kantrowitz and Koplewicz 61).

Also similar to traditional psychotherapy, Jungian analytic psychotherapy, as developed by psychologist Carl Jung, is based on the concept that all people have repressed aspects of their personalities that were found unacceptable and must be "integrated" to find the true self. Inherent personal issues are confronted through examination of past experiences and the belief of "individuation," a spiritual quest to get in touch with the "collective unconscious," the layer of the mind shared by the whole human race (Woodham and Peters 162). Any form of psychotherapy may be helpful for treating depression with the only disadvantage of weekly sessions for months becoming expensive ("Psychodynamic", Glenmullen 117).

Humanistic approaches toward abnormality and therapy are more individual and present based. Developed by American psychologist Abraham Maslow, humanistic psychotherapy focuses on self-actualization, self-development toward achieving the highest potential an individual can attain, rather than on abnormal and dysfunctional behavior. Patients are encouraged to explore their feelings and take responsibility for their thoughts and actions as opposed to blaming repressed thoughts and past experiences. With the belief of the uniqueness and freedom of the individual in creating and solving problems, humanistic psychotherapy concentrates on resolving personal issues and on current experiences, not the past (Woodham and Peters 165; Wood and Wood 578-579).

Gestalt therapy, a technique developed in the 1960s by German psychoanalyst Fritz Perls, is founded on the principle thoughts, feelings, and actions as a whole all affect human responses to situations. Clients must fully experience their thoughts, feelings, and actions and give expression to any repressed emotions whilst analyzing behavior and body language and taking responsibility for their actions to gain self-awareness and self-development. Weekly one-on-one or group sessions are recommended for change and improvement (Woodham and Peters 165; Wood and Wood 579).

Akin to Jungian therapy, transpersonal therapy, the humanistic approach, is based on the concept that humanity is united through a "collective unconscious" while concentrating on the "human capacity" to change and develop. As developed by Italian psychiatrist Dr. Roberto Assagioli in the early 1900s, psychosynthesis uses creativity like music, drawing, and writing to gain self-knowledge. A more spiritual approach to the treatment of depression, psychosynthesis strives toward incorporating the emotional and thought levels of the mind with the spiritual level. Both transpersonal therapy and psychosynthesis are usually long term but can be explored in individual or group sessions (Woodham and Peters 165).

Humanistic approaches toward therapy emphasize positive thinking and the freedom for change, both of which are quite effective. Individuals are able to lead balanced lives and make logical choices decisions while developing toward their highest potentials. Like the "placebo effect" where actual, powerful changes occur in the physiology of the brain instead of just "altered perceptions," the suggestion that people with psychological disorders can help themselves influences a desire for and produces change and development (Kaptchuk, Eisenburg, and Komaroff 71; Wood and Wood 578).

Taking weeks or months rather than years, counseling is the sister therapy of psychotherapy, which focuses on specific problems rather than deep-rooted personal issues. With counseling, thoughts and feelings are reflected back upon the client for an increased sense of self-awareness. Counseling encourages depression sufferers to stand up for themselves and express difficult, negative emotions such as anger, sadness, and fear. Like psychodynamic psychotherapists, counselors take an active role in the therapy, offering support and different perspectives from which to view a situation as well as listening and prompting free association; however, counselors offer little or no direct advice (Woodham and Peters 163).

Like interpersonal and group music therapies, group therapy and support groups provide for depression sufferers a relaxed atmosphere for discussion of problems and coping solutions among others with similar ailments, problems, and goals and the knowledge that individuals are not alone (Moe 41-42; Wolff 63). Using psychoanalytical, behavioral, and humanistic approaches, group therapy and support groups are beneficial for people who find difficulty in creating friendships and relating to others by presenting opportunities to make new friends and feel better about themselves while, at the time, relieving depression. Although group therapies are led by professional therapists and support groups by volunteers, both leaders help interpret group dynamics and aid with expression of thoughts and feelings. Meeting in small groups at various location over several months and easily found through doctors, healthcare providers, telephone directories, and national mental health organizations, both group therapy and support groups are less expensive than other forms of therapy and are extremely effective in treating depression, especially among teenagers (Moe 41-42; Woodham and Peters 162; Wolff 65).

A form of group therapy based on the fact that dysfunctional families often produce a mentally ill member, family therapy helps family members resolve conflicts and efficiently run a family. Communication difficulties can create stress and lead to depression so interactions between family members are dealt with to change negative patterns of behavior. Past influences are uncovered while patients discover and express repressed emotions, sometimes by confronting other family members (Woodham and Peters 163; Moe 43; Glenmullen 265). Couples therapy, a type of family therapy, aids couples and family members deal with underlying family issues (Glenmullen 248). Both adults and children, through child therapy, using play as a means of communication, are benefited by family therapy (Woodham and Peters 162). Teenage depression, especially, is alleviated through any method of talking therapy (Kantrowitz and Koplewicz 61).

Often combined, behavioral and cognitive therapies are based on the philosophy that stress does not cause depression but learned negative responses toward stress cause depression (Moe 45; Glenmullen 241). Founded on the work of Ivan Pavlov, behavioral therapy alters negative habitual thoughts, emotions, and behaviors using punishment and rewards. Behavioral techniques are both "permanent and natural" (Glenmullen 117). Through cognitive therapy, negative thought and behavior patterns are identified and situations viewed from a positive perspective. Both therapies positively view the power of the mind in influencing behavior and relaxing both the physical and mental bodies (Woodham and Peters 164; "Relaxation").

Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on identifying negative thoughts and exchanging self-destructive thoughts and behaviors for "positive, healthy, and adaptive" patterns through describing undesirable thoughts or behaviors, deciding on a positive goal, and making a commitment to change the negative action (Moe 45; Glenmullen 241). Developed by clinical psychologist in the 1960s, cognitive behavioral techniques are most likely to help those who take responsibility for all that goes wrong, assume if one bad thing happens that more will follow, mistakes mean they are bad people, and believe they must live up to a "standard of goodness" (Moe 45). One of the most effective alternative treatments available for mild to moderate depression, cognitive behavior therapy works for adults and is extremely successful among depressed adolescents by helping people look at the "cup half full instead of half empty" ("Cognitive"; Wingert and Kantrowitz 55; Glenmullen 242). While teaching positive skills and to take part in pleasurable, uplifting activities, overcoming distorted, negative thought patterns, and changing harmful work and sleep habits, the only set back to any kind of cognitive behavior therapy is the ten to fifteen weekly fifty minute sessions can be expensive ("Cognitive"; Glenmullen 242).

Combining cognitive therapy and psychotherapy, cognitive analytical therapy negative thought patterns are explored with psychotherapy and ensuing behavior changed through cognitive therapy. Also using cognitive therapy methods is personal construct therapy, developed by George Kelly in 1955, which fifty minute sessions over several months to change the perception and outlook of the individual suffering from depression (Woodham and Peters 164).

Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP), created in the 1970s by John Grinder and Richard Bandler, intermixes cognitive behavioral techniques with humanistic psychotherapy and hypnotherapy. Hypnotherapy, developed by Austrian doctor Franz Anton Mesmer in the 1700s, is a relaxation technique used to treat depression and anxiety. Based on the mind having different levels of consciousness, hypnosis creates a mental state where attention is focused and response to suggestions such as relaxing and overcoming negative thoughts are easier attained. Hypnotic states can be difficult to achieve, but through NLP, negative patterns of speech and body language are altered for better communication and personal change ("Hypnotherapy"; Woodham and Peters 164, 166).

Although medication can manage the symptoms associated with depression, psychopharmacology only conceals underlying psychological issues, which need to be discovered and resolved rather than suppressed. Through a combination of psychosocial treatments like massage, music, light, and talking therapy, inherent problems can be dealt with and depression effectively relieved.

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